Using the Realistic Material

HOOPS Luminate provides an all-purpose, realistic material. This material is energetically equilibrated and fully customizable. Using that material, you should be able to reproduce the look & feel of almost every material in nature.

The default realistic material

Creating a Realistic Material

Call RED::IMaterial::SetupRealisticMaterial to setup a realistic material from an existing material object. The creation of a material occurs using RED::IResourceManager::CreateMaterial.

Realistic materials can also be created Using HOOPS Luminate’s Material Editor. In this case, materials are saved to .red files and can be reloaded like any other material. See Loading a Material from Library for details on these operations.

The Realistic Material Shading Model

The realistic material shading model uses several basic inputs, that are summarized below:

Input	Description	Sample
Diffusion	This is the diffuse color / texture information of the material, used in a Lambertian equation.
Transmission	This is the transmission color / texture information of the material. The transmission has precedence over the diffusion term for the calculation of energy preservation.
Reflection	This is the reflection color / texture information of the material. The reflection has precedence over the diffusion and transparency terms for the calculation of energy preservation.

These three inputs are all involved in the energy preservation rule which is enforced by the realistic material shading model: the sum of the diffusion + reflection + transmission terms is always lower than or equal to 1.0. This is summarized below:

reflect'      = reflect // reflection color is the dominant color and we left it unmodified
transmission' = (white - reflect') * transmission
diffuse'      = (white - reflect' - transmission') * diffuse

This means that a realistic material with a reflection color set to white is totally opaque and reflective, even if any of the other components is not black.

Then, these inputs can be modified using special parameters:

Input	Description	Sample
Fresnel	The fresnel option is a very powerful term that is used to modulate the amount of reflection emitted by the material based on the angle of the viewing direction with the surface. This must be turned on for all glasses materials.	..image:: bk_bm_realistic_fresnel.png
Anisotropic Reflectance	This is an extra anisotropic term that can be set to specify anisotropic reflections in the realistic material. Two anisotropy values (anisotropy in U and anisotropy in V) can be set, or texture with at least two channels (red and green) can be set instead, to define a per-pixel anisotropic information. Anisotropy values are in [0.0f, 1.0f]. The larger the value the wider the reflection angle.
Anisotropy Orientation	This term defines the orientation of the anisotropy. Either a single angular value or a texture with at least one channel (red) defines the value of the rotation angle to apply to the basis used to define the reflectance of the material. Angles are expressed in radians. The read texture value is multiplied by 2*PI to map the usual [0.0,1.0] range to [0.0,2*PI].
Transmission Glossiness	This term defines the glossiness value of the material. A single glossiness value or a texture with at least one channel (red) can be used to define the per-pixel transmission glossiness of the material. Glossiness values are in [0.0f,1.0f]. The larger the value the wider the transmission glossiness cone.
Transmission Scattering	This is an extra absorption term that can be specified for the material transmission. It uses an out-scattering color and an out-scattering scale used to specifiy the amount of energy being absorbed along the path of a ray for each unit length crossed in the model media volume. This is related to \ref bk_re_sw3d_volume.
Reflection Fog	This is fade-out term that can be specified for reflections. At a certain distance, the color of the reflection becomes equal to the specified reflection fog color, and any other visible reflection is lost.

Finally, the realistic material also features surface modifiers, that are detailed below:

Input	Description	Sample
Bump Map	The bump map of the realistic material affects the surface normal of the geometry at the shaded fragment.
Displacement Map	The displacement map of the realistic material modifies the surface of the geometry that uses it. See Displacement

Diffusion

The diffusion model used is Lambertian, meaning that the incoming light is diffused uniformly in every outgoing direction (i.e. in the whole hemisphere around the surface hit point). It is controlled giving one color (constant over the surface or by texel using a texture). A light that illuminates a surface produces a more visible lighting if it’s aligned with the surface normal. .. note:

According to the previously detailed energy preservation rule, the object may appear of another color than the diffuse one if reflection and / or transmission are used.

Reflection

In our realistic material, reflections have greater weight than two others shading components. First, the user has to choose between two different behaviors (see the figure below):

• Fresnel-like reflections: the reflection amount is proportional to the opposite of the dot product between the eye vector and the surface normal. Reflections are then stronger near the grazing angles. We use the Schlick Fresnel term approximation in our model (as in almost any other shading models found in the literature). Note that the reflection amount is still post-multiplied by the user-given reflection color.
• Uniform reflection: the reflection amount is read from the material input (constant color or texture)

Fresnel reflections (on the left) compared to uniform ones (on the right); in the Fresnel case, note how the reflection fades off as the angle between the eye vector and the surface normal decreases

Whatever the model you choose, reflections can be made glossy and / or anisotropic. The glossiness is a measure of the dispersion of the reflection rays around the perfectly specular reflection vector. It can be seen as the half-angle of the cone subtended by the reflection vector where reflection samples are taken. The more the angle increases the more the reflections are blurry (and will require samples to avoid too much noise; see figure below).

The sphere on the left is less glossy than the one on the right.

The anisotropy defines the shape of the reflections. Anisotropic materials reflect light according to the surface orientation (see figure below). It means that a local surface coordinate system is needed to handle oriented reflections. The basis used is the one given by the normal and the tangent vectors to the surface (see RED::IMeshShape::BuildTangents).

The sphere on the left is isotropic as the one on the right is anisotropic. Notice how reflections are vertically distorted in the anisotropic case

Transmission

Every realistic material has its own index of refraction (IOR; see the Table of common IOR (Table of Common Indices of Refraction) for a list of known material IOR). When transparent, the material IOR is used to deviate light rays when they travel through the volume (see figure below).

The same realistic material with two different IOR values (1.02 on the left and 1.1 on the right)

As for reflections, refractions can be glossy to simulate a wide range of materials:

The same realistic material with (on the right) or without (on the left) refraction glossiness

GPU Rendering

The rendering of the realistic material on the GPU is quite slow due to the complexity of the parameters it handles. Most parameters are properly supported on the GPU except the transmission glossiness texture and the reflection glossiness texture that are both ignored if the material is rendered using a GPU.

Real-Time vs. Photo-Realistic Configurations

The realistic material can be created for real-time rendering needs or for photo-realistic rendering needs, or for both needs, when using RED::IMaterial::SetupRealisticMaterial. The real-time version of the realistic material will use environmental mapping techniques instead of true ray-traced reflections. It’ll also use refraction effects instead of true refractions, to ensure it can be rendered at real-time rates.

Realistic Material Properties

A realistic material is setup with a built-in material controller linked with it. Here is the full list of the realistic material properties. Each time a property name uses the ‘+’ term, this means that the two strings indicated by #define statements must be concatenated.

Properties names are listed below:

Property	Type	Range	Description
Diffuse Component
RED_MATCTRL_DIFFUSE_COLOR	Color	n/a	Color used for diffusion
RED_MATCTRL_DIFFUSE_TEXTURE	Texture	n/a	Texture used for diffusion
RED_MATCTRL_DIFFUSE_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Diffuse texture translation along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_DIFFUSE_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Diffuse texture translation along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_DIFFUSE_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_USCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Diffuse texture repetition along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_DIFFUSE_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VSCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Diffuse texture repetition along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_DIFFUSE_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UVROTATION	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Diffuse texture rotation along the normal to the surface
RED_MATCTRL_DIFFUSE_CHANNEL	Integer	[0, 15]	Mesh input channel for diffuse texture uv coordinates
Transmission Component
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_COLOR	Color	n/a	Color used for transmission
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_TEXTURE	Texture	n/a	Texture used for transmission
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Transmission texture translation along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Transmission texture translation along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_USCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Transmission texture repetition along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VSCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Transmission texture repetition along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UVROTATION	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Transmission texture rotation along the normal to the surface
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_CHANNEL	Integer	[0, 15]	Mesh input channel for transmission texture uv coordinates
Transmission Glossiness Component
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_GLOSSINESS_ANGLE	Float	[0.0f,+inf[	Transmission glossiness angle
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_GLOSSINESS_TEXTURE	Texture	n/a	Texture used for transmission glossiness. The first channel of the texture is used.
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_GLOSSINESS_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Transmission texture translation along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_GLOSSINESS_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Transmission texture translation along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_GLOSSINESS_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_USCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Transmission texture repetition along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_GLOSSINESS_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VSCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Transmission texture repetition along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_GLOSSINESS_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UVROTATION	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Transmission texture rotation along the normal to the surface
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_GLOSSINESS_CHANNEL	Integer	[0, 15]	Mesh input channel for transmission glossiness texture uv coordinates
Bump Component
RED_MATCTRL_BUMP_TEXTURE	Texture	n/a	Texture used for bump
RED_MATCTRL_BUMP_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Bump texture translation along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_BUMP_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Bump texture translation along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_BUMP_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_USCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Bump texture repetition along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_BUMP_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VSCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Bump texture repetition along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_BUMP_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UVROTATION	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Bump texture rotation along the normal to the surface
RED_MATCTRL_BUMP_CHANNEL	Integer	[0, 15]	Mesh input channel for bump texture uv coordinates
RED_MATCTRL_TANGENTS_CHANNEL	Integer	[0, 15]	Mesh input channel for tangent vectors definition
Environment Component (Real-Time Realistic Materials)
RED_MATCTRL_ENVIRONMENT_TEXTURE	Texture	n/a	Texture used for environment mapping
RED_MATCTRL_ENVIRONMENT_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Environment texture translation along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_ENVIRONMENT_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Environment texture translation along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_ENVIRONMENT_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_USCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Environment texture repetition along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_ENVIRONMENT_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VSCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Environment texture repetition along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_ENVIRONMENT_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UVROTATION	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Environment texture rotation along the normal to the surface
RED_MATCTRL_ENVIRONMENT_AUTO	Boolean	[false, true]	Toggle automatic environment maps (generated using RED::RenderShaderParameter::REF_AUTO_CUBE_MAP)
RED_MATCTRL_ENVIRONMENT_BACK	Boolean	[false, true]	Toggle background environment maps (from RED::IViewpointRenderList::SetBackgroundImages)
Reflection Component
RED_MATCTRL_REFLECTION_COLOR	Color	n/a	Color used for reflection
RED_MATCTRL_REFLECTION_TEXTURE	Texture	n/a	Texture used for reflection
RED_MATCTRL_REFLECTION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Reflection texture translation along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_REFLECTION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Reflection texture translation along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_REFLECTION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_USCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Reflection texture repetition along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_REFLECTION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VSCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Reflection texture repetition along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_REFLECTION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UVROTATION	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Reflection texture rotation along the normal to the surface
RED_MATCTRL_REFLECTION_CHANNEL	Integer	[0, 15]	Mesh input channel for reflection texture uv coordinates
Anisotropy Component
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_U	Float	[0.0f,+inf[	Anisotropy along the U axis of the local (tangent, binormal, normal) basis at the shaded fragment
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_V	Float	[0.0f,+inf[	Anisotropy along the V axis of the local (tangent, binormal, normal) basis at the shaded fragment
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_TEXTURE	Texture	n/a	Texture used for the reflection anisotropy
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Anisotropy texture translation along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Anisotropy texture translation along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_USCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Anisotropy texture repetition along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VSCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Anisotropy texture repetition along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UVROTATION	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Anisotropy texture rotation along the normal to the surface
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_CHANNEL	Integer	[0, 15]	Mesh input channel for anisotropy texture uv coordinates
Anisotropy Rotation Component
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_ROTATION	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Anisotropy rotation angle around the normal axis of the local (tangent, binormal, normal) basis at the shaded fragment
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_ROTATION_TEXTURE	Texture	n/a	Texture used for the rotation of the anisotropy
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_ROTATION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Anisotropy rotation texture translation along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_ROTATION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Anisotropy rotation texture translation along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_ROTATION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_USCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Anisotropy rotation texture repetition along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_ROTATION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VSCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Anisotropy rotation texture repetition along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_ROTATION_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UVROTATION	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Anisotropy rotation texture rotation along the normal to the surface
RED_MATCTRL_ANISOTROPY_ROTATION_CHANNEL	Integer	[0, 15]	Mesh input channel for anisotropy rotation texture uv coordinates
Displacement Component
RED_MATCTRL_DISPLACEMENT_HEIGHT	Float	]0.0f,+inf[	Height amplitude of the surface displacement, in model units
RED_MATCTRL_DISPLACEMENT_OFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Offset applied to the height ampliture of the surface displacement, in model units
RED_MATCTRL_DISPLACEMENT_TEXTURE	Texture	n/a	Displacement map texture
RED_MATCTRL_DISPLACEMENT_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Displacement texture translation along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_DISPLACEMENT_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VOFFSET	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Displacement texture translation along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_DISPLACEMENT_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_USCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Displacement texture repetition along the u axis
RED_MATCTRL_DISPLACEMENT_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_VSCALE	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Displacement texture repetition along the v axis
RED_MATCTRL_DISPLACEMENT_MATRIX + RED_MATCTRL_UVMATRIX_UVROTATION	Float	]-inf,+inf[	Displacement texture rotation along the normal to the surface
RED_MATCTRL_DISPLACEMENT_CHANNEL	Integer	[0, 15]	Mesh input channel for displacement texture uv coordinates
Miscellaneous Properties
RED_MATCTRL_DOUBLESIDED	Boolean	[false,true]	Is the material double sided?
RED_MATCTRL_FRESNEL	Boolean	[false,true]	Is the material using a Fresnel reflectance model?
RED_MATCTRL_IOR	Float	]0.0f,+inf[	Index Of Refraction (IOR) of the material
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_SCATTERING_COLOR	Color	n/a	Color used for the material transmission scattering
RED_MATCTRL_TRANSMISSION_SCATTERING_SCALE	Float	]0.0f,+inf[	Model unit scaling applied to the transmission scattering distance
RED_MATCTRL_CAUSTICS_REFLECTIVE	Boolean	[false,true]	Is the material emitting reflective caustics?
RED_MATCTRL_CAUSTICS_REFRACTIVE	Boolean	[false,true]	Is the material emitting refractive caustics?

Table of Common Indices of Refraction

Material	IOR
Acetone	1.36
Air	1.0
Alcohol	1.33
Chromium Oxide	2.7
Copper Oxyde	2.7
Crystal	2.0
Diamond	2.42
Emerald	1.57
Ethyl Alcohol	1.36
Glass	1.5
Glass, Crown	1.52
Glass, Heaviest Flint	1.89
Glass, Heavy Flint	1.65
Glass, Light Flint	1.57
Glass, Zinc Crown	1.52
Ice	1.31
Iodine Crystal	3.34
Lapis Lazuli	1.61
Polystyrene	1.55
Pyrex	1.47
Quartz	1.6
Quartz, Fused	1.46
Ruby	1.77
Sapphire	1.77
Silicon	4.01
Topaz	1.61
Water	1.33